Responding to classmates posts. Answer both post 100-150 words. Incite citation and at least one scholarly source to each peer post.
Assignment DUE 11 Sept by 1200pm cst
1.A. Mitral valve prolapse is when one or both of the cusps or leaflets of the mitral valve prolapse upward into the left atrium during systole (Huether and McCance, 2017). It is the most common valve disorder in the United States with a prevalence of 3 % in adults, according to Huether and McCance (2017), p. 628. Many cases of mitral valve prolapse are completely asymptomatic. Hinkle and Cheever (2018), describe mitral valve prolapse as a clicking type extra heart sound which is often the first and only sign of anything abnormal. Most cases are harmless and people are unaware of a problem but some have symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, dizziness, syncope, palpitations, chest pain or anxiety (Hinkle and Cheever, 2018). In many cases the cause is unknown, but the most common cause is myxomatous valve disease. Affected individuals may be born with a genetic risk or other health problems that cause connective tissue disorders such as Marfan Syndrome. Diagnosis is made by echocardiography which is also used to monitor the progression of the disorder. Mitral valve prolapse can progress to mitral regurgitation which can lead to severe symptoms and will need treatment. Most do not require medications, but if needed, antiarrhythmics, calcium channel blockers or beta blockers may be used. If mitral valve prolapse progresses to severe regurgitation, surgical repair or replacement of the valve may be required, (Hinkle and Cheever 2018). Once the prolapse is discovered, even in asymptomatic individuals, it is recommended to avoid caffeine, alcohol and tobacco. It is also recommended to engage in healthy lifestyle nutrition and exercise regimens.
Hinkle, J. L. and Cheever, K.H. (2018). Brunner & Suddarth’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
Huether, S. E., and McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding Pathophysiology. Sixth Edition. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
2. B. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are both considered to be long-term lung conditions. They fall under the category of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease. They both are caused by a history of smoking and have a prolonged expiration. They both present with Dyspnea, wheezing, chronic hypoventilation, polycythemia and Cor pulmonale. However, these symptoms may present at different phases of the disease (pp.701).
Emphysema the alveolar walls have been permanently destroyed without fibrosis. Obstruction results from changes in lung tissue oppose to the production of mucus and inflammation (pp.701). Emphysema is primarily a pathological diagnosis that affects the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole. It is characterized by abnormal permanent enlargement of lung air spaces with the destruction of their walls without any fibrosis and destruction of lung parenchyma with loss of elasticity (Pahal, 2020). Emphysema, as a part of COPD, is an illness that affects a large number of people worldwide. Most patients present with very nonspecific symptoms of chronic shortness of breath and cough with or without sputum production. As the disease process advances, the shortness of breath and cough progressively gets worse. Initially, there is exertional dyspnea with significant physical activity, especially arm work at or above shoulder level with progression to dyspnea with simple daily activities and even at rest. Some patients may present with wheezing because of the airflow obstruction (Pahal, 2020).
Chronic Bronchitis is considered a hypersecretion of mucus and having a chronic cough for 3 months or greater of a year, this happens for 2 consecutive years during the winter (pp.701). Chronic bronchitis is a more serious condition that develops over time. Symptoms may get better or worse, but they will never completely go away. These extended periods of inflammation cause sticky mucus to build up in the airways, leading to long-term breathing difficulties. It may cause cyanosis and a productive cough. Bronchodilators, mucolytics and anti-inflammatory drugs are to help control the coughs and to reduce dyspnea (pp.701).
Pahal, P. (2020, August 10). Emphysema. Retrieved September 10, 2020, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482217/
Huether, S. E., McCance, K. L., Brashers, V. L., & Rote, N. S. (2017). Chapter 27. In Understanding pathophysiology (pp. 700-702). St. Louis: Elsevier.
