Immune Disorders and Genetics in HIV and SLE Discussion
Compensatory Mechanisms
Whether a person realizes it or not, his or her body regularly uses compensatory mechanisms such as adaptive and maladaptive responses. These compensatory mechanisms help the body respond to stressors or triggers. Perhaps you have heard a patient complain that his or her food “just didn’t go down right,” resulting in a coughing spell. Maybe you have treated a child with scabs on his or her arms and legs. These are automatic physiological responses that a person cannot control and that may sometimes result in adverse health effects, such as hives. As an advanced practice nurse, it is important that you are able to identify the root of compensatory mechanisms and underlying responses. Which compensatory mechanisms are related to which disorders? Is the presenting mechanism positive and adaptive, or is it maladaptive and in need of control? What are appropriate management strategies?
Learning Objectives
Students will:
Compare maladaptive and physiological responses of immune disorders
Evaluate the impact of patient factors on the pathophysiology of immune disorders
Compare the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Evaluate the impact of patient factors on arthritis
Analyze the pathophysiology of disorders
Assess adaptive responses to alterations
Evaluate clinical considerations of disorders
Understand and apply key terms, concepts, and principles related to adaptive and compensatory mechanisms
Understand and apply key terms, concepts, and principles related to alterations of the musculoskeletal, autoimmune, and integumentary systems
Photo Credit: Ariel Skelley/Blend Images/Getty IMages
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Chapter 6, “Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing”
Chapter 7, “Adaptive Immunity”
This chapter examines the third line of defense, adaptive immunity. It also covers the roles of antigens and immunogens, the humoral immune response, cell-mediated immunity, and the production of B and T lymphocytes in the immune response.
This chapter examines how the body responds to injury and infection by exploring the first, second, and third lines of defense. It also covers wound healing and alterations of the wound healing process.
Chapter 8, “Infection and Defects in Mechanism of Defense”
This chapter covers the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of disorders resulting from infection, deficiencies in immunity, and hypersensitivity. It also examines the pathophysiology of an important immune disorderHIV/AIDS.
Chapter 9, “Stress and Disease”
This chapter evaluates the impact of stress on various body systems and the immune system. It also examines coping mechanisms and disorders related to stress.
Chapter 10, “Biology of Cancer”
This chapter explores the developmental process of cancer and factors that impact the onset of cancer at the cellular level. It also describes various treatment options.
Chapter 11, “Cancer Epidemiology”
Chapter 12, “Cancer in Children and Adolescents”
Chapter 38, “Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System”
This chapter reviews genetic, environmental, behavioral, and diet-related risk factors for cancer. It also examines types of cancers that result from risk factors.
This chapter focuses on the presentation and prognosis of childhood cancers. It examines the impact of genetic and environmental factors on these cancers.
This chapter covers the structure and function of bones, joints, and skeletal muscle. It also explores effects of aging on the musculoskeletal system.
Chapter 39, “Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function”
This chapter examines the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and evaluation and treatment of bone, joints, and skeletal muscle disorders. Additionally, it explores musculoskeletal tumors, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Chapter 40, “Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children”
This chapter includes musculoskeletal disorders that affect children, such as congenital defects, bone infection, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, muscular dystrophy, musculoskeletal tumors, and nonaccidental trauma.
Chapter 41, “Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument”
This chapter begins with an overview of the structure and function of skin. It then covers effects of aging on skin, as well as disorders of the skin, hair, and nails.
Chapter 42, “Alterations of Integument in Children”
This chapter covers alterations of the integument that affect children. These include acne vulgaris, dermatitis, infections of the skin, insect bites and parasites, vascular disorders, and other skin disorders.
Hammer, G. D., & McPhee, S. J. (2019). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
